Why Python for automation testing?

• Python is Free and open source
• High level
• Interpreted
• Large Community
• 
  

Python Closely resembles the English Language.

1. It is easy to learn and understand, and simpler code
2. World is moving towards Artificial Intelligence with machine learning and Python plays a crucial role in implementing them.
3. More jobs, Less competition.
4. 
   

Python has many built-in testing frameworks that cover debugging and the fastest workflows

What is PIP?

Pip is a package management system used to install and manage software packages written in Python.

Splinter -> Tool

Pytest -> Framework

Robot -> Framework

Testing is a tedious task and Python is a booster.

Selenium Python Binding

Selenium python binding provides a simple API to write functional tests using the Selenium web driver.

Commands to Import selenium web driver

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium. web driver. common.keys import keys

OR

from selenium.import

Important Commands:

pip freeze => to check to install Python packages in our system.

pip install selenium => to install selenium

pip install HTML-test runner => for HTML test report

pip list => to check the list of libraries that you have installed for python

pip show selenium =>to show a summary of the library

pip install -U selenium => to upgrade selenium library

What is Selenium?

Selenium is a set of tools and libraries that automates web browser actions.

Selenium provides tools that can interact with browsers and can automate browser actions click, inputting, selecting, navigating, etc with the help of scripts.

Selenium is a free and open-source solution for test automation of web applications. 

Selenium was started By: Jason Huggins. 

Selenium releases = 1) 2006 with Selenium RC

          2) 2011 with Selenium RC and Webdriver

          3) 2016 with Webdriver 

Browsers Supported by Selenium:

All major browsers supported Selenium

Features of selenium:

Flexible and Extensible

Multiple Language Supported.

Multiple Browser Supported.

Components of Selenium:

Selenium IDE: is an add-on for Firefox and it is a record and playback plugin

And use it for prototype testing.

Selenium RC(Remote Control): is used to execute scripts (written in any language) using javascript.

Selenium Webdriver:

most actively used component, it is an API used to send commands directly to the browser.

It is a successor to Selenium RC.

Selenium Grid:

is a tool that provides greater capabilities to run tests in parallel across different machines and different browsers simultaneously.

Used to minimize execution time.

With selenium:

1. Identified web elements

(Using identifiers like ID, Xpath)

1. Add Actions

(using Python programing language)

1. Run Test And Validate.
2. 
   

Sample Selenium Project.

Create a test for Google search

Add implicit wait for 10 sec

Maximise window

Create unit tests

Add HTML reporting library

Run from the command line

Copy the file path then type the command:

python -m unittest.py

-m is a flag

Types of locators:

ID: the ID strategy looks for an element in the page having an id attribute corresponding to the specified pattern. will be matched by a locator like id=my_id or just my_id 

Name: Locating elements by name is very similar to locating by ID, except that we use the  “name=” prefix instead. 

Link Text: this type of locator applies only to hyperlink text. We access the link by prefixing our target with “link=” then followed by the hyperlink text.

CSS Selector: Locating by CSS selector using an HTML tag and a class name is similar to using a tag and ID. but in these cases, a dot (.) is used instead of a hash sign.

Format :  css=tag.class[attribute=value]

Partial Link Text: in some situations, we may need to find links by a portion of the text in a link text element it contains. In such situations, we use partial link text to locate elements.

Syntax: find_element_by_partialLink 

XPath: is designed to allow the navigation of XML documents, to select individual elements, attributes, and some other parts of XML documents for specific processing.

XPATH=//div[@class=’signIn’]

Questions and answers:

What is REST?

What is the REST API?

What is JSON

“JSON” stands for javascript object notation.

Name JSON is a (Mostly) language-independent way of specifying objects as name-value pairs.

JSON is a way of structuring data, JSON is a data format.

JSON value

A JSON instance contains a single JSON Value

A JSON value may be either an object, array, number, string, true, false, or null.

Python Basics

*operators:

Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

There are seven types of operators,

Python divides the operators into the following groups:

Arithmetic operators

Assignment operators

Comparison operators

Logical operators

Identity operators

Membership operators

Bitwise operators 

*Arithmetic Operators:

Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical operations.

*Python Assignment Operators:

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

*Python Comparison Operators:

Comparison operators are used to compare two values.

*Python Logical Operators:

Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

*Python Identity Operators:

Identity operators are used to comparing the objects, not if they are equal,

but if they are the same object, with the same memory location.

*Python Membership Operators:

Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is presented in an object.

*Python Bitwise Operators:

Bitwise operators are used to compare (binary) numbers.

Python Datatype: 

* Python is a loosely typed language. Therefore, there is no need to define the datatype of any variables.

* NO need to declare variables before using them.

Data Types:

- Immutable: this is similar to fixed lists, where you cannot modify the existing values. There are three types of immutable data types.

  1. Numbers.

  2. strings.

  3. tuples.

- Mutable: Whereas, mutable can modify or update any existing values.

  1. lists.

  2. Dictionaries.

  3. sets.  

*Immutable:

1. Numbers:

  1. Integer: Example; 1,5, etc. 2+4=6

                                2**3=8( 2 to the power of 3)

  2. Float: Example; 3.5,5.0, etc.  7.0+3.5=10.5

                                       6/3 =2.0

  3. Complex: Example; 5+3j, etc.  (3+4j)+(1+1j)= 4+5j

                                      (2+2j)*2=4+4j

2. strings:

  * strings are sequences of one-character strings

     Example='welcome to the world of python' 

                          or

     Example="Welcome to the world of Python"

  * multi-line strings can be denoted using triple quotes,''' or """

     Example= ''' Equality for all browsers: Chrome. Firefox Edge. IE. Safari. Opera.

                   Equality for all devices: Desktop. Laptop. Tablet. Mobile.'''

* Type-specific method

Method             Description

capitalize()     Converts the first character to uppercase

case fold()     Converts a string into lowercase

center()     Returns a centered string

count()                   Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a string

encode()     Returns an encoded version of the string

ends with()     Returns true if the string ends with the specified value

expand tabs()     Sets the tab size of the string

find()                 Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of where it was found

format()     Formats specified values in a string

format_map()     Formats specified values in a string

index()                 Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of where it was found

isalnum()     Returns True if all characters in the string are alphanumeric

isalpha()     Returns True if all characters in the string are in the alphabet

is decimal()     Returns True if all characters in the string are decimals

isdigit()                 Returns True if all characters in the string are digits

identifier()     Returns True if the string is an identifier

is lower()     Returns True if all characters in the string are lowercase

is numeric()     Returns True if all characters in the string are numeric

printable()     Returns True if all characters in the string are printable

isspace()     Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespaces

title()                 Returns True if the string follows the rules of a title

super()     Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case

join()               Joins the elements of an iterable to the end of the string

just()               Returns a left justified version of the string

lower()             Converts a string into lowercase

strip()             Returns a left trim version of the string

make trans() Returns a translation table to be used in translations

partition()   Returns a tuple where the string is parsed into three parts

replace()   Returns a string where a specified value is replaced with a specified value

find()               Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last position of where it was found

index()             Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last position of where it was found

just()             Returns a right justified version of the string

partition() Returns a tuple where the string is parsed into three parts

split()             Splits the string at the specified separator and returns a list

strip()             Returns a right trim version of the string

split()             Splits the string at the specified separator and returns a list

split lines() Splits the string at line breaks and returns a list

starts with() Returns true if the string starts with the specified value

strip()             Returns a trimmed version of the string

swap case() Swaps cases, the lower case becomes the upper case and vice versa

title()             Converts the first character of each word to uppercase

translate() Returns a translated string

upper()             Converts a string into upper case

fill()             Fills the string with a specified number of 0 values at the beginning

3. tuples:

 * A tuple is a sequence of immutable Python objects like float numbers, string literals, etc.

 * The tuples can't be changed like lists.

 * Tuples are defined by using circular brackets.

    Example: my_tuple=( 'tuple',2.5,5,'python')

Method Description

count() Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a tuple

index() Searches the tuple for a specified value and returns the position of where it was found

Datatype: 

*mutable type;

-Lists.

-dictionary.

-set.

 1. Lists: 

* A list is a select method:

sequence of mutable Python objects like floating numbers, string literals, etc.

* The list can be modified.

* Lists are defined by using square brackets[].

   Example : mylist= ['lists',2.0,7,'python']

Method   Description

append()   Adds an element at the end of the list.

clear()   Removes all the elements from the list.

copy()   Returns a copy of the list.

count()   Returns the number of elements with the specified value.

extend()   Add the elements of a list (or any iterable), to the end of the current list.

index()   Returns the index of the first element with the specified value.

insert()   Adds an element at the specified position.

pop()   Removes the element at the specified position.

remove()   Removes the first item with the specified value.

reverse()  Reverses the order of the list.

sort()   Sorts the list.

Note: Python does not have built-in support for Arrays, but Python Lists can be used instead.  

2. Dictionaries: 

*Dictionaries are perhaps the most flexible built-in data type in Python.

*Dictionaries, items are sorted and fetched by key, instead of by positional offset. 

   Example : mydict={ 1:'joshi', 2:'bob', 3:'james'}

where;

         1--> key. 

         Joshi --> value.

Dictionary method:

Method       Description

clear()       Removes all the elements from the dictionary.

copy()       Returns a copy of the dictionary.

from keys ()     Returns a dictionary with the specified keys and values.

get()       Returns the value of the specified key.

items()       Returns a list containing a tuple for each key-value pair.

keys()       Returns a list containing the dictionary's keys.

pop()       Removes the element with the specified key.

pop item ()      Removes the last inserted key-value pair.

set default ()   Returns the value of the specified key. If the key does not exist: insert the key, with the specified value.

update()       Updates the dictionary with the specified key-value pairs.

values()       Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary.

3. Set:

* Set is an unordered collection of items.

* Every element is unique (no duplicates)and must be immutable (which cannot be changed) 

  Example : myset={1,2,3}

Set method :

Method                         Description

adds ()                         Adds an element to the set.

clear()                         Removes all the elements from the set.

copy()                         Returns a copy of the set.

difference()             Returns a set containing the difference between two or more sets.

difference_update() Removes the items in this set that are also included in another, specified set.

discard()                 Remove the specified item.

intersection()                 Returns a set that is the intersection of two other sets.

intersection_update()   Removes the items in this set that are not present in other, specified sets(s).

is disjoint ()                 Returns whether two sets have an intersection or not.

subset ()                 Returns whether another set contains this set or not.

superset ()                 Returns whether this set contains another set or not.

pop()                             Removes an element from the set.

remove()                 Removes the specified element.

symmetric_difference()   Returns a set with the symmetric difference of two sets.

symmetric_difference_update() inserts the symmetric differences from this set and another.

union()                         Return a set containing the union of sets.

update()                 Update the set with the union of this set and others.